1// --- Test Data Seeding Script ---
2async function seedTestDatabase() {
3  // ❌ Copies production data directly to test environment
4  const prodUsers = await prodDb.query('SELECT * FROM users');
5  for (const user of prodUsers) {
6    await testDb.query(
7      'INSERT INTO users VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)',
8      [user.id, user.name, user.email, user.ssn, user.credit_score]
9    );
10  }
11  console.log(`Seeded ${prodUsers.length} real users to test DB`);
12}
13
14// --- Analytics Export Endpoint ---
15app.get('/api/analytics/export', adminOnly, async (req, res) => {
16  const data = await db.query(`
17    SELECT name, email, date_of_birth, zip_code, loan_amount,
18           income, credit_score, employment_status
19    FROM loan_applications
20    WHERE created_at > $1
21  `, [req.query.since]);
22
23  // ❌ Full PII sent to analytics — "we'll mask it in the BI tool"
24  res.csv(data);
25});
26
27// --- ML Training Data Export ---
28app.get('/api/ml/training-data', apiKeyAuth, async (req, res) => {
29  const applications = await db.query(
30    'SELECT * FROM loan_applications LIMIT 100000'
31  );
32
33  // ❌ "Masking" by removing the name field but keeping everything else
34  const "masked" = applications.map(app => {
35    const { name, ...rest } = app;
36    return rest;
37  });
38
39  // ❌ email + DOB + zip code = re-identification
40  res.json(masked);
41});
42
43// --- Log Masking Attempt ---
44function maskSensitiveData(data: any) {
45  // ❌ Only masks exact field names — misses variations
46  if (data.ssn) data.ssn = '***-**-****';
47  if (data.password) data.password = '[REDACTED]';
48  return data;
49  // Misses: socialSecurityNumber, SSN, social_security,
50  //         pass, passwd, pwd, secret, creditCard, etc.
51}

1// ❌ Pattern 1: Incomplete character masking
2function maskEmail(email: string): string {
3  // Only masks the local part — domain reveals the company
4  return email.replace(/^.+@/, '****@');
5  // "john.doe@secretstartup.com" → "****@secretstartup.com"
6  // ❌ The domain is still identifying!
7}
8
9// ❌ Pattern 2: Deterministic masking without salt
10function maskSSN(ssn: string): string {
11  // Same input always produces the same output
12  const hash = crypto.createHash('md5').update(ssn).digest('hex');
13  return hash.slice(0, 3) + '-' + hash.slice(3, 5) + '-' + hash.slice(5, 9);
14  // ❌ Attacker can pre-compute all 1 billion SSNs and reverse the mapping
15}
16
17// ❌ Pattern 3: Preserving too much structure
18function maskPhoneNumber(phone: string): string {
19  // Keeps area code — reveals geographic location
20  return phone.slice(0, 3) + '-***-****';
21  // "415-555-1234" → "415-***-****"
22  // ❌ Area code narrows down to San Francisco
23}
24
25// ❌ Pattern 4: Regex-only masking for logs
26function maskLogEntry(log: string): string {
27  // Only catches one SSN format — misses "555 12 3456" or "555123456"
28  return log.replace(/\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}/g, '***-**-****');
29}

1import crypto from 'crypto';
2
3// ✅ Secure email masking — masks both local and domain parts
4function maskEmail(email: string): string {
5  const [local, domain] = email.split('@');
6  if (!local || !domain) return '***@***.***';
7  const maskedLocal = local[0] + '***';
8  const domainParts = domain.split('.');
9  const maskedDomain = domainParts[0][0] + '***.' + domainParts.slice(1).join('.');
10  return maskedLocal + '@' + maskedDomain;
11  // "john.doe@secretstartup.com" → "j***@s***.com"
12}
13
14// ✅ Format-preserving masking with HMAC (keyed, not reversible without key)
15function maskSSN(ssn: string, maskingKey: string): string {
16  const hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha256', maskingKey).update(ssn).digest('hex');
17  return hmac.slice(0, 3) + '-' + hmac.slice(3, 5) + '-' + hmac.slice(5, 9);
18  // ✅ Without the maskingKey, pre-computation attacks are infeasible
19}
20
21// ✅ Phone masking — removes area code, keeps last 4 for usability
22function maskPhoneNumber(phone: string): string {
23  const digits = phone.replace(/\D/g, '');
24  if (digits.length < 4) return '***-***-****';
25  return '***-***-' + digits.slice(-4);
26}
27
28// ✅ Comprehensive PII masking for objects
29interface MaskingConfig {
30  key: string;
31  rules: Record<string, (value: string, key: string) => string>;
32}
33
34function createMasker(config: MaskingConfig) {
35  const fieldPatterns = new Map<RegExp, (value: string, key: string) => string>([
36    [/^(email|e_mail|email_address)$/i, (v) => maskEmail(v)],
37    [/^(ssn|social_security|social_security_number)$/i, (v) => maskSSN(v, config.key)],
38    [/^(phone|telephone|mobile|cell|phone_number)$/i, (v) => maskPhoneNumber(v)],
39    [/^(name|first_name|last_name|full_name)$/i, () => '[MASKED]'],
40    [/^(password|passwd|pwd|secret|token|api_key)$/i, () => '[REDACTED]'],
41    [/^(card_number|credit_card|cc_number)$/i, (v) => '****-****-****-' + v.slice(-4)],
42    [/^(address|street|street_address)$/i, () => '[MASKED ADDRESS]'],
43    [/^(date_of_birth|dob|birth_date|birthdate)$/i, (v) => v.slice(0, 4) + '-**-**'],
44  ]);
45
46  return function maskObject<T extends Record<string, unknown>>(obj: T): T {
47    const masked = { ...obj };
48    for (const [field, value] of Object.entries(masked)) {
49      if (typeof value !== 'string') continue;
50      for (const [pattern, maskFn] of fieldPatterns) {
51        if (pattern.test(field)) {
52          (masked as Record<string, unknown>)[field] = maskFn(value, field);
53          break;
54        }
55      }
56    }
57    return masked;
58  };
59}
60
61// Usage:
62// const masker = createMasker({ key: process.env.MASKING_KEY!, rules: {} });
63// const safeUser = masker(user);

1// ❌ Pattern 1: "Tokenization" that's just encoding
2function tokenize(creditCard: string): string {
3  // ❌ Base64 is NOT tokenization — trivially reversible
4  return Buffer.from(creditCard).toString('base64');
5}
6
7// ❌ Pattern 2: Token derived from original data
8function tokenizeSSN(ssn: string): string {
9  // ❌ Deterministic hash — same SSN always maps to same token
10  // Enables frequency analysis and cross-dataset correlation
11  return 'tok_' + crypto.createHash('sha256').update(ssn).digest('hex').slice(0, 16);
12}
13
14// ❌ Pattern 3: Token vault with no access controls
15const tokenVault = new Map<string, string>(); // ❌ In-memory, no encryption
16function storeToken(token: string, original: string) {
17  tokenVault.set(token, original); // ❌ Anyone with memory access can dump the vault
18}
19
20// ❌ Pattern 4: Detokenization without audit logging
21app.get('/api/detokenize/:token', adminOnly, async (req, res) => {
22  const original = await vault.detokenize(req.params.token);
23  // ❌ No audit log of who accessed what and why
24  res.json({ value: original });
25});

1import crypto from 'crypto';
2
3interface TokenVaultConfig {
4  encryptionKey: Buffer;
5  db: Database;
6}
7
8class TokenVault {
9  private config: TokenVaultConfig;
10
11  constructor(config: TokenVaultConfig) {
12    this.config = config;
13  }
14
15  // ✅ Generate a cryptographically random token with no relation to original
16  async tokenize(originalValue: string, dataType: string): Promise<string> {
17    const token = 'tok_' + crypto.randomBytes(16).toString('hex');
18
19    // ✅ Encrypt the original before storing in the vault
20    const iv = crypto.randomBytes(16);
21    const cipher = crypto.createCipheriv('aes-256-gcm', this.config.encryptionKey, iv);
22    let encrypted = cipher.update(originalValue, 'utf8', 'hex');
23    encrypted += cipher.final('hex');
24    const authTag = cipher.getAuthTag().toString('hex');
25
26    // ✅ Store encrypted original in isolated vault database
27    await this.config.db.query(
28      `INSERT INTO token_vault (token, encrypted_value, iv, auth_tag, data_type, created_at)
29       VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, NOW())`,
30      [token, encrypted, iv.toString('hex'), authTag, dataType]
31    );
32
33    return token;
34  }
35
36  // ✅ Detokenize with mandatory audit logging and access control
37  async detokenize(
38    token: string,
39    requestContext: { userId: string; reason: string; ticketId?: string }
40  ): Promise<string> {
41    const record = await this.config.db.query(
42      'SELECT encrypted_value, iv, auth_tag FROM token_vault WHERE token = $1',
43      [token]
44    );
45
46    if (!record) throw new Error('Token not found');
47
48    // ✅ Audit log every detokenization
49    await this.config.db.query(
50      `INSERT INTO detokenization_audit_log
51       (token, user_id, reason, ticket_id, timestamp, ip_address)
52       VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, NOW(), $5)`,
53      [token, requestContext.userId, requestContext.reason,
54       requestContext.ticketId, requestContext.userId]
55    );
56
57    // ✅ Decrypt the original value
58    const iv = Buffer.from(record.iv, 'hex');
59    const decipher = crypto.createDecipheriv('aes-256-gcm', this.config.encryptionKey, iv);
60    decipher.setAuthTag(Buffer.from(record.auth_tag, 'hex'));
61    let decrypted = decipher.update(record.encrypted_value, 'hex', 'utf8');
62    decrypted += decipher.final('utf8');
63
64    return decrypted;
65  }
66
67  // ✅ Batch tokenization for data pipelines
68  async tokenizeBatch(
69    records: Array<{ field: string; value: string }>,
70    dataType: string
71  ): Promise<Map<string, string>> {
72    const tokenMap = new Map<string, string>();
73    for (const record of records) {
74      const token = await this.tokenize(record.value, dataType);
75      tokenMap.set(record.value, token);
76    }
77    return tokenMap;
78  }
79}

1// ❌ Pattern 1: Pseudonymization labeled as anonymization
2function "anonymize"(user: User) {
3  return {
4    id: crypto.randomUUID(),         // New random ID
5    name: '[ANONYMIZED]',            // Removed
6    email: '[ANONYMIZED]',           // Removed
7    // ❌ These quasi-identifiers enable re-identification:
8    dateOfBirth: user.dateOfBirth,   // ❌ Exact DOB kept
9    zipCode: user.zipCode,           // ❌ Full zip kept
10    gender: user.gender,             // ❌ Gender kept
11    // DOB + ZIP + gender = 87% re-identification rate
12    joinDate: user.joinDate,         // ❌ Exact join date kept
13    purchaseHistory: user.purchases, // ❌ Behavioral data is identifying
14  };
15}
16
17// ❌ Pattern 2: Consistent pseudonyms across datasets
18function pseudonymizeForExport(userId: string): string {
19  // Same user always gets the same pseudonym across ALL exports
20  return crypto.createHash('sha256').update(userId + 'static_salt').digest('hex');
21  // ❌ Enables cross-dataset linking — if attacker has one dataset
22  //    with known users, they can link to "anonymous" dataset
23}
24
25// ❌ Pattern 3: Insufficient suppression threshold
26function anonymizeSmallGroup(records: any[]) {
27  // Only 2 people aged 95+ in zip code 02139
28  // ❌ No k-anonymity check — groups of 1-2 are trivially identifiable
29  return records.map(r => ({
30    ageRange: Math.floor(r.age / 5) * 5 + '-' + (Math.floor(r.age / 5) * 5 + 4),
31    zipCode: r.zipCode,  // ❌ Full zip kept
32    condition: r.medicalCondition,
33  }));
34}

1interface AnonymizationConfig {
2  kThreshold: number;         // Minimum group size (typically k >= 5)
3  quasiIdentifiers: string[]; // Fields that could enable re-identification
4  sensitiveFields: string[];  // Fields to protect (the "payload")
5  suppressionLimit: number;   // Max % of records to suppress (typically 5%)
6}
7
8function anonymizeDataset<T extends Record<string, unknown>>(
9  records: T[],
10  config: AnonymizationConfig
11): T[] {
12  let anonymized = records.map(record => {
13    const result = { ...record };
14
15    // ✅ Remove all direct identifiers
16    delete result.name;
17    delete result.email;
18    delete result.ssn;
19    delete result.phone;
20    delete result.address;
21
22    // ✅ Generalize quasi-identifiers
23    if ('dateOfBirth' in result && typeof result.dateOfBirth === 'string') {
24      const year = new Date(result.dateOfBirth).getFullYear();
25      const decade = Math.floor(year / 10) * 10;
26      (result as Record<string, unknown>).dateOfBirth = `${decade}s`;
27    }
28
29    if ('zipCode' in result && typeof result.zipCode === 'string') {
30      (result as Record<string, unknown>).zipCode =
31        (result.zipCode as string).slice(0, 3) + '**';
32    }
33
34    if ('age' in result && typeof result.age === 'number') {
35      const bucket = Math.floor(result.age / 10) * 10;
36      (result as Record<string, unknown>).age = `${bucket}-${bucket + 9}`;
37    }
38
39    return result;
40  });
41
42  // ✅ Verify k-anonymity: every combination of quasi-identifiers
43  //    must appear in at least k records
44  const groups = new Map<string, T[]>();
45  for (const record of anonymized) {
46    const key = config.quasiIdentifiers
47      .map(qi => String(record[qi] ?? ''))
48      .join('|');
49    if (!groups.has(key)) groups.set(key, []);
50    groups.get(key)!.push(record);
51  }
52
53  // ✅ Suppress groups smaller than k (remove them entirely)
54  const suppressedCount = [...groups.values()]
55    .filter(g => g.length < config.kThreshold)
56    .reduce((sum, g) => sum + g.length, 0);
57
58  if (suppressedCount / records.length > config.suppressionLimit) {
59    throw new Error(
60      'Suppression would remove ' +
61      (suppressedCount / records.length * 100).toFixed(1) +
62      '% of records (limit: ' +
63      (config.suppressionLimit * 100) +
64      '%). Increase generalization before exporting.'
65    );
66  }
67
68  anonymized = anonymized.filter(record => {
69    const key = config.quasiIdentifiers
70      .map(qi => String(record[qi] ?? ''))
71      .join('|');
72    return (groups.get(key)?.length ?? 0) >= config.kThreshold;
73  });
74
75  return anonymized;
76}
77
78// Usage:
79// const safeData = anonymizeDataset(patients, {
80//   kThreshold: 5,
81//   quasiIdentifiers: ['dateOfBirth', 'zipCode', 'gender'],
82//   sensitiveFields: ['diagnosis', 'treatment'],
83//   suppressionLimit: 0.05,
84// });

1type SensitivityLevel = 'public' | 'internal' | 'confidential' | 'restricted';
2
3interface FieldPolicy {
4  sensitivity: SensitivityLevel;
5  maskFn: (value: unknown) => unknown;
6}
7
8// ✅ Define masking policies per field at the schema level
9const USER_FIELD_POLICIES: Record<string, FieldPolicy> = {
10  id:           { sensitivity: 'internal', maskFn: v => v },
11  displayName:  { sensitivity: 'public',   maskFn: v => v },
12  email:        { sensitivity: 'confidential', maskFn: v => maskEmail(v as string) },
13  phone:        { sensitivity: 'confidential', maskFn: v => maskPhoneNumber(v as string) },
14  ssn:          { sensitivity: 'restricted',   maskFn: () => '[RESTRICTED]' },
15  passwordHash: { sensitivity: 'restricted',   maskFn: () => undefined }, // never include
16  dateOfBirth:  { sensitivity: 'confidential', maskFn: v => (v as string).slice(0, 4) + '-**-**' },
17  salary:       { sensitivity: 'restricted',   maskFn: () => '[RESTRICTED]' },
18  role:         { sensitivity: 'internal',     maskFn: v => v },
19};
20
21// ✅ Apply masking based on requester's clearance level
22function applyMasking(
23  data: Record<string, unknown>,
24  policies: Record<string, FieldPolicy>,
25  requesterClearance: SensitivityLevel
26): Record<string, unknown> {
27  const clearanceLevels: Record<SensitivityLevel, number> = {
28    public: 0, internal: 1, confidential: 2, restricted: 3,
29  };
30
31  const result: Record<string, unknown> = {};
32
33  for (const [field, value] of Object.entries(data)) {
34    const policy = policies[field];
35    if (!policy) continue; // ✅ Unlisted fields are excluded by default
36
37    if (clearanceLevels[requesterClearance] >= clearanceLevels[policy.sensitivity]) {
38      result[field] = value; // Requester has clearance — return original
39    } else {
40      const masked = policy.maskFn(value);
41      if (masked !== undefined) result[field] = masked; // Apply masking
42    }
43  }
44
45  return result;
46}
47
48// ✅ API middleware that applies masking automatically
49function maskingMiddleware(policies: Record<string, FieldPolicy>) {
50  return (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
51    const originalJson = res.json.bind(res);
52    const clearance = getUserClearance(req.user);
53
54    res.json = (body: unknown) => {
55      if (Array.isArray(body)) {
56        return originalJson(
57          body.map(item =>
58            typeof item === 'object' && item !== null
59              ? applyMasking(item as Record<string, unknown>, policies, clearance)
60              : item
61          )
62        );
63      }
64      if (typeof body === 'object' && body !== null) {
65        return originalJson(
66          applyMasking(body as Record<string, unknown>, policies, clearance)
67        );
68      }
69      return originalJson(body);
70    };
71    next();
72  };
73}

1import { faker } from '@faker-js/faker';
2
3interface StaticMaskingRule {
4  column: string;
5  generator: () => string | number;
6}
7
8// ✅ Generate realistic but fake data for each field
9const maskingRules: Record<string, StaticMaskingRule[]> = {
10  users: [
11    { column: 'first_name', generator: () => faker.person.firstName() },
12    { column: 'last_name',  generator: () => faker.person.lastName() },
13    { column: 'email',      generator: () => faker.internet.email() },
14    { column: 'phone',      generator: () => faker.phone.number() },
15    { column: 'ssn',        generator: () => faker.string.numeric('###-##-####') },
16    { column: 'date_of_birth', generator: () =>
17      faker.date.between({ from: '1950-01-01', to: '2005-12-31' }).toISOString().slice(0, 10) },
18    { column: 'address',    generator: () => faker.location.streetAddress() },
19    { column: 'password_hash', generator: () => '$2b$12$invalidhashfortesting' },
20  ],
21  loan_applications: [
22    { column: 'applicant_name', generator: () => faker.person.fullName() },
23    { column: 'income',         generator: () =>
24      Math.round(faker.number.int({ min: 30000, max: 200000 }) / 1000) * 1000 },
25    { column: 'credit_score',   generator: () =>
26      faker.number.int({ min: 300, max: 850 }) },
27  ],
28};
29
30// ✅ Apply static masking to a full database export
31async function createMaskedTestDatabase(
32  sourceDb: Database,
33  targetDb: Database,
34  rules: Record<string, StaticMaskingRule[]>
35) {
36  for (const [table, tableRules] of Object.entries(rules)) {
37    const rows = await sourceDb.query(`SELECT * FROM ${table}`);
38    const columnMap = new Map(tableRules.map(r => [r.column, r.generator]));
39
40    for (const row of rows) {
41      const maskedRow = { ...row };
42      for (const [col, generator] of columnMap) {
43        if (col in maskedRow) maskedRow[col] = generator();
44      }
45      await targetDb.insert(table, maskedRow);
46    }
47
48    console.log(`Masked ${rows.length} rows in ${table}`);
49  }
50}

1describe('API response masking', () => {
2  it('should not expose restricted fields to regular users', async () => {
3    const response = await request(app)
4      .get('/api/users/123')
5      .set('Authorization', 'Bearer regular_user_token');
6
7    // ✅ Verify restricted fields are absent or masked
8    expect(response.body).not.toHaveProperty('passwordHash');
9    expect(response.body).not.toHaveProperty('password_hash');
10    expect(response.body).not.toHaveProperty('ssn');
11    expect(response.body).not.toHaveProperty('salary');
12    expect(response.body).not.toHaveProperty('internalNotes');
13
14    // ✅ Verify confidential fields are masked
15    if (response.body.email) {
16      expect(response.body.email).toMatch(/^.\*\*\*@.\*\*\*\..+$/);
17    }
18    if (response.body.phone) {
19      expect(response.body.phone).toMatch(/^\*\*\*-\*\*\*-\d{4}$/);
20    }
21  });
22
23  it('should mask PII in log output', () => {
24    const logSpy = jest.spyOn(logger, 'info');
25
26    // Trigger a log event
27    processUserRequest({
28      email: 'john@example.com',
29      ssn: '123-45-6789',
30      password: 'secret123',
31    });
32
33    const loggedData = logSpy.mock.calls[0][1];
34
35    // ✅ Verify no raw PII in logs
36    expect(JSON.stringify(loggedData)).not.toContain('john@example.com');
37    expect(JSON.stringify(loggedData)).not.toContain('123-45-6789');
38    expect(JSON.stringify(loggedData)).not.toContain('secret123');
39  });
40
41  it('should enforce k-anonymity on analytics exports', async () => {
42    const response = await request(app)
43      .get('/api/analytics/export?since=2025-01-01')
44      .set('Authorization', 'Bearer analyst_token');
45
46    const records = response.body.data;
47
48    // ✅ Verify no direct identifiers
49    for (const record of records) {
50      expect(record).not.toHaveProperty('name');
51      expect(record).not.toHaveProperty('email');
52      expect(record).not.toHaveProperty('ssn');
53      expect(record).not.toHaveProperty('phone');
54    }
55
56    // ✅ Verify quasi-identifiers are generalized
57    for (const record of records) {
58      if (record.zipCode) {
59        expect(record.zipCode).toMatch(/^\d{3}\*\*$/);
60      }
61      if (record.dateOfBirth) {
62        expect(record.dateOfBirth).toMatch(/^\d{4}s$/);
63      }
64    }
65
66    // ✅ Verify k-anonymity (k >= 5)
67    const groups = new Map<string, number>();
68    for (const record of records) {
69      const key = [record.dateOfBirth, record.zipCode, record.gender].join('|');
70      groups.set(key, (groups.get(key) || 0) + 1);
71    }
72    for (const [, count] of groups) {
73      expect(count).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(5);
74    }
75  });
76});

1// ✅ Pre-deploy check: scan API schemas for unmasked sensitive fields
2function auditResponseSchemas(schemas: Record<string, ResponseSchema>): AuditResult[] {
3  const sensitivePatterns = [
4    /password/i, /passwd/i, /secret/i,
5    /ssn/i, /social.?security/i,
6    /credit.?card/i, /card.?number/i, /cvv/i,
7    /api.?key/i, /private.?key/i, /token/i,
8    /date.?of.?birth/i, /dob/i,
9  ];
10
11  const violations: AuditResult[] = [];
12
13  for (const [endpoint, schema] of Object.entries(schemas)) {
14    for (const field of schema.fields) {
15      for (const pattern of sensitivePatterns) {
16        if (pattern.test(field.name) && !field.masked) {
17          violations.push({
18            endpoint,
19            field: field.name,
20            severity: 'critical',
21            message: `Potentially sensitive field '${field.name}' is not masked in ${endpoint}`,
22          });
23        }
24      }
25    }
26  }
27
28  return violations;
29}